Escape from the extremely stressful opiate withdrawal syndrome may motivate opiate seeking and taking. The corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) pathway mediates behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. Here, we report that genetic inactivation (CRF1-/-) as well as pharmacological antagonism of the CRF/CRF1 receptor pathway increased and prolonged the somatic expression of opiat...

Although there are several different types of opiate receptors in mammals (Goldstein and James, 1984) and a variety of different ionic responses can be elicited by each of the receptor types on different neurones (Crain and Shen, 1990), relatively little attention has been given to the role of opiate receptors in invertebrates. We have previously demonstrated that the nervous system of the mari...

Background: Poisoning comprises about 7% of accidents in children under 5-year-old and 2% of all pediatric deaths in developing countries. To warn against and prevent future potential poisoning with opioid substances, this comparative study was conducted on pediatric cases referred to the 17th Shahrivar Hospital in Rasht, Iran, in 2006 and 2018. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional ...

background illicit opiate use has an increasing incidence and prevalence, which increases mortality and morbidity, marginalization, and criminal behaviors, and causes major adverse effects on society. objectives this study aimed to investigate and follow the outcome of patients who underwent ultrarapid opiate detoxification (urod) prospectively. patients and methods in this randomized clinical ...

Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid found in the roots of Tabernanthe Iboga (Apocynaceae family), a rain forest shrub that is native to western Africa. Ibogaine is used by indigenous peoples in low doses to combat fatigue, hunger and thirst, and in higher doses as a sacrament in religious rituals. Members of American and European addict self-help groups have claimed that ibogaine promotes long-term ...

Opiate dependence (OD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), separately and together, are significant public health problems with poor treatment outcomes. BPD is associated with difficulties in emotion regulation, and brain-imaging studies in BPD individuals indicate differential activation in prefrontal cingulate cortices and their interactions with limbic regions. Likewise, a similar net...

Purpose. The objective of this study was to document the number of controlled substance prescriptions filled by adolescents and young adult patients in the 2 years prior to presentation for opiate dependence treatment. Methods. Opiate-dependent youth (N = 125) presenting to our Medication-Assisted Treatment for Addiction program from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2010 were identified via electron...

noradrenaline release.8.9 While clonidine and the opiates have similar effects on the locus coeruleus, clonidine appears to exert specific effects through non-opiate, alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. 6, These data suggested that the opiate-withdrawal syndrome is due to increased noradrenergic neuronal activity in areas such as the locus coeruleus which are regulated both by alpha-2 adrenergic and ...

Toxocara canis (Nematoda: Ascaridae) is an intestinal nematode parasite of dogs, which can also cause disease in humans. Transmission to humans usually occurs because of direct contact with T. canis eggs present in soil contaminated with the feces of infected dogs. This nematode has extraordinary abilities to survive for many years in different tissues of vertebrates, and develop to maturity in...