The classical approach to testing for structural change employs retrospective tests using a historical data set of a given length. Here we consider a wide array of fluctuation-type tests in a monitoring situation – given a history period for which a regression relationship is known to be stable, we test whether incoming data are consistent with the previously established relationship. Procedure...

A universal minimal spinor set of linear differential equations describing anyons and ordinary integer and half-integer spin fields is constructed with the help of deformed Heisenberg algebra with reflection. The construction is generalized to some d = 2 + 1 supersymmetric field systems. Quadratic and linear forms of action functionals are found for the universal minimal as well as for supersym...

Relic abundance of dark matter is investigated in the framework of universal extra dimension models with right-handed neutrinos. These models are free from the serious KaluzaKlein (KK) graviton problem that the original universal extra dimension model possesses. The first KK particle of the right-handed neutrino is a candidate for dark matter in this framework. When ordinary neutrino masses are...

Sodium is an integral part of water, and its excessive amount in drinking water causes high blood pressure and hypertension. In the present paper, spatial distribution of sodium concentration in drinking water is modeled and optimized sampling designs for selecting sampling locations is calculated for three divisions in Punjab, Pakistan. Universal kriging and Bayesian universal kriging are used...

the main purpose of this paper is to establish a relation between universality of certain p-compactifications of a semitopological semigroup and their corresponding enveloping semigroups. in particular, we show that if we take p to be the property that the enveloping semigroup of a compactification of a semitopological semigroup s is left simple, a group, or the trivial singleton semigroup, the...

The main purpose of this paper is to establish a relation between universality of certain P-compactifications of a semitopological semigroup and their corresponding enveloping semigroups. In particular, we show that if we take P to be the property that the enveloping semigroup of a compactification of a semitopological semigroup s is left simple, a group, or the trivial singleton semigroup, t...

according to the standard of reasonable and ordinary person, negligence consists in doing something which a reasonable and ordinary person would not have done in that situation or omitting something which a reasonable and ordinary person would have done in that situation. in this article, descriptive and normative content of reasonable and ordinary person has been studied; it's ambiguities...