Recent kinematic and hydrodynamic studies on fish median fins have shown that dorsal fins actively produce jets with large lateral forces. Because of the location of dorsal fins above the fish's rolling axis, these lateral forces, if unchecked, would cause fish to roll. In this paper we examine the hydrodynamics of trout anal fin function and hypothesize that anal fins, located below the fish's...

The evolutionary transition of fins to limbs involved development of a new suite of distal skeletal structures, the digits. During tetrapod limb development, genes at the 5' end of the HoxD cluster are expressed in two spatiotemporally distinct phases. In the first phase, Hoxd9-13 are activated sequentially and form nested domains along the anteroposterior axis of the limb. This initial phase p...

in this paper, two-dimensional heat transfer in a semi-infinite wall with fins of rectangular profile has been investigated. the conduction equations of the wall and fins are solved simultaneously by a numerical method. the principal parameters of the problem are the fin spacing, length, and fin-to-wall conductivity ratio. in this investigation, the effect of these parameters on two-dimensional...

Dorsal and anal fins are median fins located above and below the centre of mass of fishes, each having a moment arm relative to the longitudinal axis. Understanding the kinematics of dorsal and anal fins may elucidate how these fins are used in concert to maintain and change fish body position and yet little is known about the functions of these fins. Using three synchronized high-speed cameras...

In this study, we examine the kinematics and hydrodynamics of the soft dorsal fin in a representative basal teleost, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), during steady rectilinear locomotion at 0.5-2.0 body lengths (L) s(-1) and during maneuvering. During steady swimming, dorsal fin height and sweep amplitude decrease with increasing speed. The dorsal fin wake, as viewed within a horizontal...

heat and mass transfer, in this paper, is considered in one-row heat exchanger, that fins are hotter than air flow and water is added to fins. related governing equations are derived by analyzing a two-dimension model in a unique cell of a heat exchange. these equations are numerically solved by finite difference method. heat transfer and efficiency under partially wet surface are calculated by...

The majority of optical illusions are the result of the specific context manipulation of the critical part of the stimuli. There are different examples of how context distorts figures in a way that they might seem different in size, shape, or shade. In the particular case of the Müller-Lyer (ML) illusion, the critical part of the stimulus is the central line (shaft), while the fins represent th...