Issues related to readability risks in contracts could exacerbate conflict, claim and dispute occurrences construction projects. Determination of root causes by defining casual relationships is essential improve contract documentation enable successful risk management. This paper aims differentiate net from effect factors contracts. Most significant were analyzed using fuzzy decision-making tri...

creating confidence in the stock market through a secure environment is one of the main achievements of stock markets in the world. in the stock markets of developed countries, there are markets which provide confidence and reduce the risks resulting from the fluctuation of share prices. these markets are called “stock transaction choice markets”. while comparing stock transaction choice contra...

Most Public Private Partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects especially in emerging markets carry a high amount of economic foreign exchange (FX) exposure. Risk mitigation instruments (RMI) are frequently implemented by governments to compensate FX loss in the Special Purpose Company (SPC). The experience of many investors is an underestimation of the risk that governments would refuse to read...

During the past twenty years, swap contracts have become key financial ‘adapters ’ linking diverse national financial systems to the global financial network. Today banks and investment companies around the world use swaps extensively to manage their currency, interest-rate, and equity-market risks and to lower their transaction costs. Yet pension funds, which have grown rapidly over that same ...

Portfolio optimisation typically aims to provide an optimal allocation that minimises risk, at a given return target, by diversifying over different investments. However, the potential scope of such risk diversification can be limited if investments are concentrated in only one country, or more specifically one currency. Multi-currency portfolio is an alternative to achieve higher returns and m...

Abstract Communication risks and asymmetric information among project participants are often associated with poor performance in construction projects. coordination prominent issues recent research on management, little actual theoretical foundation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent which principal–agent (P–A) theory its implications used management research. In archives t...