In this paper, we provide an explanation of the democratic peace hypothesis, i.e., the observation that democracies rarely fight one another. We show that in the presence of information asymmetries and strategic complements, the strategic interaction between two democracies differs from any other dyad. In our model, two democracies induce the highest probability of peaceful resolution of confli...

The history of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) demonstrate that peaceful nuclear energy is a myth. As our January 2007 Briefing, “Civil Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation”, explains promoting ‘peaceful’ nuclear power has accelerated nuclear weapons proliferation. Nuclear reactors in India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Kore...

This article attempts to recompile and systematize before new research. After an introduction on the importance of school’s critical climate factors, which are regarding from the quality of teaching? To make this various sources of information are collected. Hence clusters of factors explaining the external and internal causes of school violence are proposed. The provincial scholar reality is e...

Although the literature in peace psychology has been growing rapidly, many American psychologists are unaware of how conflict is resolved and peace is conceptualized and achieved. This article reviews the long history and broadening scope of peace psychology and introduces a model of peace that is useful for organizing the literature. The model suggests that peace can be facilitated at four dif...

The Islamic world of preand early medieval Spain has elicited the interest of many religious and secular scholars because of the peaceful coexistence by diverse ethnic and religious communities. The Moorish presence in Spain is still a subject of debate. Was Islam beneficial to Spain? What course would history have taken without the Muslim presence? What are the lingering results of Spain’s rel...