Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a non invasive method for assessing the inflammatory status of children with airway disease. Different ways to measure FeNO levels are currently available. The possibility of measuring FeNO levels in an office setting even in young children, and the commercial availability of portable devices, support the routine use of FeNO determination in the daily p...

OBJECTIVE To determine retention in care and virologic suppression among HIV-infected adolescents and young adults attending an adolescent-friendly clinic compared to those attending the standard pediatric clinic at the same site. DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING Government supported, hospital-based antiretroviral clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS Two hundre...

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading cause of viral-associated congenital infections. Moreover, it can also be acquired. Between 50 to 80 percent of the world’s population is seropositive for CMV and most clinical disease occurs in individuals previously infected with CMV. Rarely, serious CMV infection has occurred in individuals with healthy immune system. In contrast to immunocompetent patien...

BACKGROUND The number of viral pathogens associated with pediatric acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) has grown since the introduction of reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Multiple viruses are detected during a single ARI episode in approximately a quarter of all cases. The clinical relevance of these multiple detections is unclear, as is the role o...

BACKGROUND Acute viral respiratory disease is the most common reason for pediatric hospitalization in the United States. Viral illnesses may be mistaken for bacterial infection, and antibiotic therapy may be prescribed. Overprescribing of antimicrobials for viral illness is a factor contributing to increasing antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens encountered in pediatrics. OBJECT...

BACKGROUND Viral infections play a significant role as cause of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) and exacerbations of chronic diseases. ARIs are now the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. Recently human rhinovirus (HRV) infection has been emerged as an important cause of pneumonia and asthma exacerbation. OBJECTIVES To determine the role o...