A 41-year-old woman with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and dyslipidemia abruptly developed vertigo, truncal ataxia and divergence paralysis. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the presence of infarction in the left superior paramedian mesencephalic artery involving the vicinity of the periaqueductal gray matter. The symptoms rapidly resolved under the administration of anti-p...

in this study, the vertical, transverse and oblique diameters of the spinal cord segments (c1, c6, c12, c18, t1, t4, l1, l4, l6 and l8) and the ratio of gray matter to white matter in chick (l month) and adult (18 months) male ostriches, each group consisted of 3 animals, were measured with standard micrometric method using 6 μm thick sections by light microscope. with advancement of age, the r...

Introduction: Orexin-A and B (Hypocretin 1 and 2) are neuropeptides that are mostly expressed in the posterior and lateral hypothalamus (LH). Intracisternal (ICV) and intratechal (IT) injections of orexin-A (hypocretin-1) have been shown to elicit analgesic responses in formalin test. However, the locations of central sites that may mediate these effects have not been clearly elucidated. Ore...

We have identified a novel nucleus of the mammalian brain and termed it the tectal longitudinal column (TLC). Basic histologic stains, tract-tracing techniques and three-dimensional reconstructions reveal that the rat TLC is a narrow, elongated structure spanning the midbrain tectum longitudinally. This paired nucleus is located close to the midline, immediately dorsal to the periaqueductal gra...

background: volume estimation of brain is important for many neurological applications. it is necessary in measuring brain growth and changes in brain in normal/abnormal patients. thus, accurate brain volume measurement is very important. magnetic resonance imaging (mri) is the method of choice for volume quantification due to excellent levels of image resolution and between-tissue contrast. st...

Morphine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produce antinociception via mu opioid and cannabinoid CB1 receptors, respectively, located in central nervous system (CNS) regions including periaqueductal gray and spinal cord. Chronic treatment with morphine or THC produces antinociceptive tolerance and cellular adaptations that include receptor desensitization. Previous studies have shown that a...

It has been described that coadministration of opioids with low doses of other analgesics can reduce adverse effects and increase antinociception, but combinations of two μ-opioid receptor agonists have been poorly explored. The objective of this work was threefold: 1) to evaluate the antinociceptive combination of i.c.v. morphine and fentanyl at different doses; 2) to compare the antinocicepti...

BACKGROUND Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a metabolic disorder of the central nervous system resulting from vitamin B(1) deficiency. The exact mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the lesions in WE are not completely understood. Vitamin B1 deficiency is associated with intracellular and extracellular edema by glutamate(N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Conventional m...