Because the rod structure of the flagellar basal body crosses the inner membrane, the periplasmic space, and the outer membrane, its formation must involve hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan layer. So far, more than 10 genes have been shown to be required for rod formation in Salmonella typhimurium. Some of them encode the component proteins of the rod structure, and most of the remaining genes ar...

ST50, an outer-membrane component of the multi-drug efflux system from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is an obligatory diagnostic antigen for typhoid fever. ST50 is an excellent and unique diagnostic antigen with 95% specificity and 90% sensitivity and is used in the commercial diagnosis test kit (TYPHIDOT(TM)). The crystal structure of ST50 at a resolution of 2.98 Å reveals a trimer that f...

The early blastoderm of Drosophila is a syncytium in which about 6000 nuclei become localized in the peripheral cytoplasm. During cycle 14 interphase, a wave of membrane formation encircles each nucleus inside its own plasma membrane, thereby generating an intact epithelial layer. The details of this process of cellularization have been unclear. Using an improved method of fixation of the embry...

Human Interferon β (INF-β) is a member of cytokines family which different studies have shown its immunomodulatory and antiviral activities. In this study an expression vector was designed and constructed for expression of human INF-β-1b either in shake flasks or bench top bioreactor. The designed vector was constructed based upon pET-25b(+) with T7 promoter. Recombinant human beta interferon (...

A new isoenzyme of carbonic anhydrase has been isolated and purified from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This carbonic anhydrase is composed of two nonidentical subunits with apparent molecular masses of 39 and 4.5 kDa and is located in the periplasmic space. This is the second periplasmic carbonic anhydrase found in C. reinhardtii. Two genes, CAH1 and CAH2, which code for carbonic anhydrase, have ...

The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria includes inner and outer membranes with the periplasmic space in between. The transport systems for many nutrients in these organisms include components in both the periplasm and the inner membrane. In some cases, e.g., maltose, transport components in the outer membrane are also involved. The scope of this review will be limited to a progress report ...

PURPOSE Oxidative stress is generated through imbalance between composing and decomposing of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This kind of stress was rarely discussed in connection with foreign protein production in Escherichia coli. Effect of cytoplasmic recombinant protein expression on Hydrogen peroxide concentration and catalase activity was previously reported. In comparison with cytoplasm, ...

Oxidation of cysteine pairs to disulfide requires cellular factors present in the bacterial periplasmic space. DsbB is an E. coli membrane protein that oxidizes DsbA, a periplasmic dithiol oxidase. To gain insight into disulfide bond formation, we determined the crystal structure of the DsbB-DsbA complex at 3.7 A resolution. The structure of DsbB revealed four transmembrane helices and one shor...

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of TNF family, is an interesting ligand which selectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells and, therefore, it has been developed for cancer therapy. This ligand has been produced by various hosts such as E.coli. However, protein expression in E.coli cytoplasm leads to problems such as incorrect folding, reduction in biolo...

We have examined the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2 upon phosphate deprivation. Much of the activity is released into the medium when A. nidulans is osmotically shocked, indicating that the enzyme is located either in the periplasmic space or is loosely bound to the cell wall. The polypeptide associated with phosphatase activity has been id...