1. Matter and Techniques at Low Temperatures 1.1.Introduction 1.2.Historical Remarks on the Development of Low Temperature Physics and Techniques 1.3.Combining Dilution Refrigeration with Adiabatic Nuclear Demagnetization: The Way to Microkelvin Physics 1.4.Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena: Superconductivity and Superfluidity 1.4.1.Superconductivity 1.4.2.Superfluidity 2. Magnetic Fields and Magne...

This paper reviews recent developments in research in nanostructured permanent magnets (hard magnetic materials) with emphasis on bottom-up approaches to fabrication of hard/soft nanocomposite bulk magnets. Theoretical and experimental findings on the effects of soft phase and interface conditions on interphase exchange interactions are given. Synthesis techniques for hard magnetic nanoparticle...

The outlook for improving the energy product of permanent magnets beyond the theoretical limit of 516kJ/m3 for Nd,Fe,,B is discussed. Most promising are nanostructured two-phase magnets consisting of an aligned hard-magnetic skeleton phase possessing exceptionally high uniaxial anisotropy and a soft-magnetic phase which assures a high magnetization. Brown’s paradox is discussed for inhomogeneou...