Background and Purpose Organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin (NTG) or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) have been used for over a century in the treatment of angina ischaemic heart disease. These compounds are prodrugs which release their nitrovasodilators upon enzymic bioactivation by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) cytochromes P450 (CYP). Whereas ALDH2 is known to directly activate organic ...

The reaction of pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase with reducing and oxidising substrates has been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, redox potentiometry and X-ray crystallography. We show in the reductive half-reaction of PETN reductase that NADPH binds to form an enzyme -NADPH charge -transfer intermediate prior to hydride transfer from the nicotinamide coenzyme to FMN. In the oxi...

BACKGROUND Chronic therapy with nitroglycerin (GTN) results in a rapid development of nitrate tolerance which is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). According to recent studies, mitochondrial ROS formation and oxidative inactivation of the organic nitrate bioactivating enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) play an important role for the devel...

In this research, in order to coating PETN particles, nano-pigment of redlitholrubine B 57:1 (NLR) was used in a surfactant environment of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) using solvent/none-solvent (water-acetone) method. Afterstructural studies of PETN-NLR nanocomposite by infrared (FT-IR) and field emissionscanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray (FES...

We investigate shock response of single crystal and nanocrystalline pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) with a coarse-grained model and molecular dynamics simulations, as regards mechanical hotspot formation in the absence or presence of grain boundaries (GBs). Single crystals with different orientations, and columnar nanocrystalline PETN with regular hexagonal, irregular hexagonal, and random ...

Shigella flexneri is the major cause of bacterial shigellosis in developing countries. S. flexneri is divided into at least 19 serotypes, the majority of which are modifications of the same basic O-antigen by glucosylation and/or O-acetylation of its sugar residues by phage encoded serotype-converting genes. Recently, a plasmid encoded phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) modification of the O-antigen ha...

Waveguide terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is used to characterize the temperature dependent vibrational properties of three threat-related materials: 4-amino-dinitrotoluene (4A-DNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). These materials are characterized as thin polycrystalline layers deposited in the 50 micron gap of a met...