The petrous apex is a pyramid-shaped structure, located medial to the inner ear and the intrapetrous segment of the internal carotid artery. Lesions of the petrous apex can be surgically treated through different surgical routes. Because of the important neurovascular structures located inside the temporal bone, anatomical 3D knowledge is paramount. For this reason, image-guided surgery could r...

OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke and hyperperfusion (HP) are the most frequent and important complications in carotid artery stenosis surgery. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has replaced carotid endarterectomy in high medical risk patients. Prior to CAS, initial angiographic findings disclose a small caliber internal carotid artery (IC) due to stenosis, but after the stenosis is relieved, the diameter ...

Exposition of the petrous part of the internal carotid artery (pICA) necessitates close control during surgery for proximal internal carotid artery aneurysms. The most difficult manipulation is the exposure of the internal carotid artery on the level of the carotid canal, and in most cases it is accompanied by local neurological complications in postoperative period that are results of the trau...

Intracranial aneurysms have received much attention and provoked the interest of many investigators since Biumi of Milan described a case in 1765, a full account of which was later published by Sandifort in 1778. Out of 559 cases of intracranial aneurysms reported in the literature by von Hofmann (1894), Wichern (1912), Fearnsides (1916), Busse (1920-21), Drennan (1921), Szekely (1928), and Ham...