The estrogen receptor (ER) has proven to be the best target for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. The link between ER status and response to endocrine ablation originally was observed in women with metastatic breast cancer long before tamoxifen was first marketed in the United States in 1978. The development of tamoxifen for long-term adjuvant therapy and the evaluation of tamoxife...

BACKGROUND In breast cancer, ER/PgR, HER2, and Ki-67 are important biological markers for predicting prognosis and making effective treatment decisions. In addition, changes in markers due to relapse are also clinically experienced; however, the frequency and clinical significance are still not fully understood. Thus, changes in markers and their correlations with prognosis were investigated. ...

background: the female breast is subjected to a lifetime of hormonal controls, whose effect is evident at the time of menarche and during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. studies have reported multiple risk factors for breast cancer, some of which are a reflection of hormonally mediated events. the steroid receptors are also served as prognostic factors for evaluating status of mal...

CRA1008 Background: Decision making on systemic treatment of women with metastatic breast cancer is based on features like estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 status assessed on the primary tumor. We evaluated the concordance of receptor status between primary tumor and liver metastases (mts) and its impact on treatment choice. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a d...

The concept of an organism's niche is central to ecological theory, but an operational definition is needed that allows both its experimental delineation and interpretation of field distributions of the species. Here we use population growth rate (hereafter, pgr) to define the niche as the set of points in niche space where pgr > 0. If there are just two axes to the niche space, their relations...

Epimorphin/syntaxin-2 is a membrane-tethered protein localized extracellularly (Epim) and intracellularly (Stx-2). The extracellular form Epim stimulates morphogenic processes in a range of tissues, including in murine mammary glands where its overexpression in luminal epithelial cells is sufficient to drive hyperplasia and neoplasia. We analyzedWAP-Epim transgenic mice to gain insight into how...

BACKGROUND Although hormone receptor status is an important prognostic indicator in adenocarcinoma of the breast and the endometrium, few studies have investigated the expression and clinical significance of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) in adenocarcinoma of the cervix. METHODS ER and PgR expression were determined using an immunohistochemical method in 84 cervical ad...

The presence of an estrogen-regulated protein with 24,000 molecular weight has been studied in 47 patients with endometrial carcinomas and in 29 patients with cervical carcinomas in order to correlate its presence with that of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PgRs). In the cytosol tumor samples the M, 24,000 protein was detected by the Western blot technique using a monoclon...

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the concordance rate between core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgical excision of invasive breast cancer regarding the oestrogen receptor (ER) and Progesterone receptor (PgR) status as determined by Immunohistochemistry (IHC). METHODS Hormone receptor status was established using IHC (using quickscore system 0-8) on preoperative CNB and sub...

In case of breast cancer the grade of differentiation and expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors falls within the first category of prognostic factors according to the College of American Pathologists. HER-2, p53 and Ki67 belong to the second category and their significance still awaits confirmation. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the intensity ...