Pharmacogenetics (PGt) is an established discipline that studies the genetic basis of inter-individual variability in the response to drug therapy and pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity. The goal o...

Pharmacological treatment of depressive disorders is characterized by poor predictability of individual response. In recent years, the increasing evidence has demonstrated that genetic factors play a critical role in determining the differences in treatment outcome to antidepressant drugs. A number of pharmacogenetic studies on antidepressant drugs has been conducted, and genetic variations at ...

Optimizing antipsychotic pharmacotherapy is often challenging due to significant variability in effectiveness and tolerability. Genetic factors influencing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may contribute to some of this variability. Research studies have characterized these pharmacogenetic relationships, and some genetic markers are now available as clinical tests. These advances in pharma...

The challenge of personalized medicine is to move away from the traditional 'one-size-fits-all' pharmacology to genotype-based individualized therapies. As an individual's response to drugs is under the control of genes, personal genetic profiles could help clinicians to predict individual drug response and prescribe the right drug and dose, thereby optimising efficacy and avoiding risk of adve...

Thiopurine drugs are used to treat patients with neoplasia and autoimmune disease as well as transplant recipients. These agents are metabolized, in part, by S-methylation catalyzed by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). The discovery nearly two decades ago that levels of TPMT activity in human tissues are controlled by a common genetic polymorphism led to one of the best examples of the poten...

Pharmacogenetics research has advanced our knowledge of the genetic basis of individual drug responses. Further benefits stem from the translation of pharmacogenetics research into the clinic to identify patients who are at high risk of adverse drug events. However, American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations have not benefited markedly from genetics-guided therapeutics. A key strateg...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder, primarily characterized by decrease in insulin secretion and typically accompanied resistance. When untreated, T2DM leading to an inevitable long-term complication. However, the novel treatment of like for example Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) give new perspectives patients achieve better glycemic control a...

Increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tumor heterogeneity combined with rapid advances in the field of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics have fuelled studies on individualizing anticancer therapy. Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), is an anthracycline glycoside antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, and is widely used either as a single agent or in co...