The aim of this study was to investigate educational philosophy and philosophical mindedness of Iranian physical education and sports science lecturers (state-run Universities and Islamic Azad Universities). 150 questionnaires were randomly distributed among them, 123 filled questionnaires returned and finally 98 were confirmed. Two major instruments of Philosophy Preference Assessment (PPA) ...

For any system with limited statistical knowledge, the combination of evidence and the interpretation of sampling information requires the determination of the right reference class (or of an adequate one). The present note (1) discusses the use of reference classes in evidential reasoning , and (2) discusses a first implementation of Kyburg's rules for reference classes, and what we now know a...

This paper develops a game-theoretic and epistemic account of a peculiar mode of practical reasoning that sustains focal points but also more general forms of rule-following behavior which I call community-based reasoning (CBR). It emphasizes the importance of counterfactuals in strategic interactions. In particular, the existence of rules does not reduce to observable behavioral patterns but a...

The tutorial will give attendees: – A firm grasp of an important debate in the history of ideas. – A logical framework within which to assess questions of diagrammatic justification. – Knowledge of some key philosophical arguments for and against the epistemic value of diagrams. – A deeper understanding of the nature of diagrammatic reasoning. 4 Content The Issue. Can diagrams have epistemic va...

Background and Objectives: Philosophical mentality grant an individual the ability to think critically, analyse the situation correctly, make insightful decisions, and find appropriate solutions for the problems. Evidence shows that this mental capability can also positively affect the individuals’ creativity. In the health domain, where the complexity of healthcare procedures poses challenges ...

Many philosophers have worried about what philosophy is. Often they have looked for answers by considering what it is that philosophers do. Given the diversity of topics and methods found in philosophy, however, we propose a different approach. In this article we consider the philosophical temperament, asking an alternative question: What are philosophers like? Our answer is that one important ...

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What exactly is a philosophical intuition? And what makes such an intuition reliable, when it is reliable? is paper provides a terminological framework that is able answer to the rst question, and then puts the framework to work developing an answer to the second question. More specically, the paper argues that we can distinguish between two dišerent “evidential roles” which intuitions can oc...

the history of iranian political thought during the islamic era can be divided in 2 parts: middle era and modern era. in the middle era which ended in mashroota revolution, political thought tended to be united with religion, with the rules of thought –genera being based upon religions tents, and the role of reason being only limited to uncritical exposition of the predecessor’s ideas. as a res...