A novel type of avalanche photodetector with Geiger mode operation, known as Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is presented. Development of photodetectors for the detection of low intensity photon flux is one of the critical issues for experimental physics, medical tomography and many others. The structure of the photodetector is based on metal–resistor semiconductor (MRS) microcells with a densit...

bhw = line half-width, Å E = radiative energy, W Eabs = radiative energy absorbed by cell, W Ebundle = radiative energy carried by photon bundle, W Eemis = emission energy, W Etrans = transmitted radiative energy, W Kn;1 = freestream Knudsen number, dimensionless k, k1, k2 = line-center index, dimensionless L = nose radius of the Stardust blunt body, m l1;2 = ratio between face endpoints, m Nra...

We derive an analytic model for nonlinear “photon bubble” wave trains driven by buoyancy forces in magnetized, radiation pressure-dominated atmospheres. Continuous, periodic wave solutions exist when radiative diffusion is slow compared to the dynamical timescale of the atmosphere. We identify these waves with the saturation of a linear instability discovered by Arons — therefore, these wave tr...

Single-photon emission in the telecommunication wavelength band is realized with self-assembled strain-coupled bilayer InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in a planar microcavity on GaAs substrate. Low-density large QDs in the upper layer active for ~1.3 μm emission are fabricated by precisely controlling the indium deposition amount and applying a gradient indium flux in both QD layers. Time-reso...

bachground: hadron therapy is a novel technique of cancer radiation therapy which employs charged particles beams, 1 h and light ions in particular. due to their physical and radiobiological properties, they allow one to obtain a more conformal treatment, sparing better the healthy tissues located in proximity of the tumor and allowing a higher control of the disease.   objective: as it is well...

The importance of coherence in phototherapy has been questioned over the last two decades, with the arguments largely being based on; 1) Lasers are just convenient machines that produce radiation, 2) It is the radiation that produces the photobiological and/or photophysical effects and therapeutic gains, not the machines, and 3) Radiation must be absorbed to produce a chemical or physical chang...

BACKGROUND Microalgae are a potential source of sustainable commodities of fuels, chemicals and food and feed additives. The current high production costs, as a result of the low areal productivities, limit the application of microalgae in industry. A first step is determining how the different production system designs relate to each other under identical climate conditions. The productivity a...