variability of tidal volume and respiratory rate in normally breathing man has long been demonstrated [1]. however because of lack of knowledge and technology primary ventilators could only deliver a fixed tidal volume in a fixed rate the so called volume controlled ventilation (vcv). vcv was volume preset time triggered and cycled and there was no synchronization with patient’s breaths. at tha...

Pediatric trauma evaluation mimics adult stabilization in that it is best accomplished with a focused and systematic approach. Attention to developmental differences, anatomic and physiologic nuances, and patterns of injury equip emergency physicians to stabilize and manage pediatric injury.

The author reviews anesthetic considerations for the pediatric patient requiring foot and lower leg surgery. He initially describes the physiologic and psychologic differences from adults. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors are then evaluated.

Objective: Mouth breathing, being a cause for various orthodontic problems, has been a subject of concern to orthodontists since years. This study was aimed to analyze the influence, mouth breathing on the head posture and to compare variations in head posture between physiologic breathing and mouth breathing groups. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms of 25 physiologic breathing (PB) a...