In order to clone and analyse the avirulence gene AVR-Pia from Japanese field isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, a mutant of the M. oryzae strain Ina168 was isolated. This mutant, which was named Ina168m95-1, gained virulence towards the rice cultivar Aichi-asahi, which contains the resistance gene Pia. A DNA fragment (named PM01) that was deleted in the mutant and that co-segregated with avirulen...

Coverings of the brain As introduced in the 2nd lecture, the brain is covered by three layers namely: dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter. The dura mater is of significance due to the venous sinuses and is the toughest layer/s (two layers in fact) – and its upper layer is directly attached to the periosteum. The blood vessels travel between the arachnoid and pia mater. The arachnoid and pia mater...

The porB locus codes for the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Alleles of this locus have been assigned to two homology groups based on close sequence and immunological relationships and are designated as either PIA or PIB. Several population parameters were estimated and compared among these two groups using a data set of 22 PIA sequences and 91 PIB sequences obtained from...

This study followed a 1972 cohort of newly entitled beneficiaries from January 1, 1981, when they left the Disability Insurance program because of a recovery, to June 1986. This recovery group represents about 11 percent of the cohort of disabled-worker beneficiaries entitled in 1972. Three outcomes or next events were of specific interest: Return to the DI program, death, and attaining age 62 ...

In this study, we compared the paramedian interfascial approach (PIA) and the traditional midline approach (MA) for lumbar fusion to determine which approach resulted in the least amount of postoperative back muscle atrophy. We performed unilateral transforaminal posterior lumbar interbody fusion via MA on the symptomatic side and pedicle screw fixation via PIA on the other side in the same pat...

UNLABELLED We examined ultrastructural details such as the cellular component and membrane thickness of human spinal pia mater with the aim of determining whether fenestrations are present. We hypothesized that pia mater is not a continuous membrane but, instead, that there are fenestrations across the pial cellular membrane. The lumbar dural sac from 7 fresh human cadavers was removed, and sam...

BACKGROUND Most neuroendocrine tumors express chromogranin A (CgA). The posttranslational processing of neuroendocrine proteins such as CgA is often specific for the individual tumor. To cope with this variability and improve tumor diagnosis, we developed a processing-independent analysis (PIA) method to measure the total CgA product. METHODS For PIA, samples underwent trypsin treatment follo...

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a cause of orthopedic device-related infection, and to treat such infection, biofilms should be controlled. Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) is associated with the biofilm-forming ability of staphylococcal strains. PIA in biofilm-positive staphylococcal strains can be detected by the Congo red agar (CRA) method. In this study, we used the CRA method to ex...

This paper proposes a new approach to building falsename-proof (FNP) combinatorial auctions from those that are FNP only with single-minded bidders, each of whom requires only one particular bundle. Under this approach, a general bidder is decomposed into a set of single-minded bidders, and after the decomposition the price and the allocation are determined by the FNP auctions for single-minded...