Neural-tube closure is a critical step of embryogenesis, and its failure causes serious birth defects. Coordination of two morphogenetic processes--convergent extension and neural-plate apical constriction--ensures the complete closure of the neural tube. We now provide evidence that planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling directly links these two processes. In the bending neural plates, we find t...

In this paper, based on the kinematic accuracy theory and matrix-based system reliability analysis method, a practical method for system reliability analysis of the kinematic performance of planar linkageswith correlated failuremodes is proposed. The Taylor series expansion is utilized to derive a general expression of the kinematic performance errors caused by random variables. A proper limit ...

time-of-flight diffraction method (tofd) is an amplitude-independent sizing method which is based on the measurement of time-of-flight of defect tip diffracted waves. although tofd can measure through-wall length of defect accurately, this method is not capable of measuring horizontal defect size. in this paper, a new tofd method for evaluating horizontal planar defects is presented. the finite...

the crossing number of a graph  is the minimum number of edge crossings over all possible drawings of  in a plane. the crossing number is an important measure of the non-planarity of a graph, with applications in discrete and computational geometry and vlsi circuit design. in this paper we introduce vertex centered crossing number and study the same for maximal planar graph.

in this paper a performance analysis is presented for a cable-suspended parallel manipulator. experimental results from some first tests are presented and discussed to validate the theoretical calculation of load carrying capacity. the load-carrying capacity during a given trajectory is obtained. this computational technique is tested on a typical planar cable suspended manipulator. the experim...

introduction echo-planar imaging (epi) is a group of fast data acquisition methods commonly used in fmri studies. it acquires multiple image lines in k-space after a single excitation, which leads to a very short scan time. a well-known problem with epi is that it is more sensitive to distortions due to the used encoding scheme. source of distortion is inhomogeneity in the static b0 field that ...

abtract background: in nuclear medicine, phantoms are mainly used to evaluate the overall performance of the imaging systems and practically there is no phantom exclusively designed for the evaluation of the software performance.  in this study the hoffman brain phantom was used for quantitative evaluation of reconstruction techniques. the phantom is modified to acquire tomographic and planar i...

density functional theory (dft) calculations were performed to investigate the properties of planar, tubular and conical forms of silicon nanostructures. the evaluated parameters including averaged bond lengths, binding energies, gap energies and dipole moments were then evaluated for the optimized models of study. the results indicated that the bond lengths between silicon atoms are different ...

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the properties of planar, tubular and conical forms of silicon nanostructures. The evaluated parameters including averaged bond lengths, binding energies, gap energies and dipole moments were then evaluated for the optimized models of study. The results indicated that the bond lengths between silicon atoms are different ...

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the properties of planar, tubular and conical forms of silicon nanostructures. The evaluated parameters including averaged bond lengths, binding energies, gap energies and dipole moments were then evaluated for the optimized models of study. The results indicated that the bond lengths between silicon atoms are different ...