Insect parasitoids have evolved symbiotic interactions with several viruses and thousands of parasitoid species established mutualistic associations polydnaviruses (PDVs). While PDVs often been described as virulence factors allowing development immature inside their herbivore hosts, there is increasing awareness that can affect plant–insect interactions. We review recent literature showing alt...

In the present condition of the technique of cultivation of tissues, the only possible way of studying leucocytic secretions was to grow colonies of leucocytes in a medium of known properties and to examine the modifications of these properties under the influence of the living cells. The method was far from perfect, because the secretions were mixed with serum and accumulated for 48 hours in a...

H. pylori, flagellated organism, colonize the gastric epithelium of 50% of the world’s population. Complications of infection include gastritis, peptic ulcers, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT), and gastric cancer. The flagella promote motility in the mucus layer. The organism binds to antigens on gastric epithelial cells, thus preventing mechanical clearance. The organism hydro...

Hemipteran insects are devastating pests of crops due to their wide host range, rapid reproduction, and ability to transmit numerous plant-infecting pathogens as vectors. While the field of plant-virus-vector interactions has flourished in recent years, plant-bacteria-vector interactions remain poorly understood. Leafhoppers and psyllids are by far the most important vectors of bacterial pathog...

AIM To determine the bioavailability of mupirocin in human nasal secretions and to assess whether the contents of nasal secretions interact appreciably with this antibiotic. METHODS The comparative bioavailability of mupirocin and chlorhexidine in nasal secretions was determined by bioassay after one, four, and eight hours of incubation with pooled secretions from three subjects. The interact...

Plants have the ability to detect and respond biotic stresses. They contain pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that specifically recognize conserved molecules from their enemies activate immune responses. In this review, I discuss recent efforts discover PRRs for herbivory-associated cues originate oral secretions, eggs, damaged plant cells or secondary endogenous signals. Although several po...

The work done by Prof. Swale Vincent in the production of the present volume has entailed a vast amount of labour in reviewing, selecting, and extracting the literature of the subject scattered over innumerable journals. We have read the chapters on the different ductless glands with the very greatest interest and advantage, and we have very great pleasure in recommending it to all students and...

The supraneural body was identified in the adult lamprey, and its secretions induced the death of a variety of tumor cells but had no effect on normal cells. The cell secretions from different lamprey tissues were separated, and these secretions killed human tumor cells to varying degrees. The cell secretions induced remarkable cell morphological alterations such as cell blebbing, and the plasm...

Biopreservation or biocontrol refers to the use of natural or controlled microbiota, or its antibacterial products to extend the shelf life and enhance the safety of foods (Stiles 1996 ). Since lactic acid bacteria (LAB) occur naturally in many food systems and have a long history of safe use in fermented foods, thus classed as Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS), they have a great potential for ...

The membrane-based receptor-like kinase BAK1 has been reported to interact with a number of other membrane-based receptors to contribute to a variety of signaling responses to exogenous and endogenous cues. These include brassinosteroid hormones as well as conserved microbe-derived and endogenous patterns. More recently, several lines of evidence have been reported to expand this concept also t...