In order to elucidate the cues for, and the biochemical mechanisms of, the transition to ureogenesis in the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta, experiments on the effects of confinement/crowding were carried out. Confinement of toadfish to small volumes of water initiated a switch to nearly complete reliance on ureogenesis for nitrogen excretion within 24­48 h. Further experiments suggested that th...

Abstract In state-of-the-art stellarators, turbulence is a major cause of the degradation plasma confinement. To maximize confinement, which eventually determines amount nuclear fusion reactions, turbulent transport needs to be reduced. Here we report observation confinement regime in stellarator that characterized by increased and reduced fluctuations. The transition this driven injection subm...

Gas mixtures containing c-C4F8 /Ar are commonly used for the plasma etching of dielectric materials such as SiO2 . To quantify the dependence of fundamental plasma parameters of systems using these mixtures, inductively coupled plasmas in the pressure range of 6–20 mTorr, with and without magnetic confinement, were investigated. Measurements were also made in pure Ar and O2 to provide a compari...

The confinement of a nonneutral plasma in a magnetic-surface, or stellarator, configuration is explored. The fluid equilibrium equations are derived and are found to be fundamentally different from previous results. Diocotron modes are predicted to be stable. The collisional confinement time can be very long. Possible applications include positron trapping and confinement of positron-electron p...

Described here is progress in an experimental program to develop a 21 cell multicell trap for the accumulation and storage of ~ 10 positrons. The basic architecture is an arrangement of multiple Penning-Malmberg (PM) trapped plasmas (i.e., cells) arranged in parallel in a common vacuum system and magnetic field. Experiments are described that are intended to address several key issues, includin...