Policies can be very difficult to change, and advocates of change who claim a logical or scientific foundation need valid, reliable, and convincing data. An example of the process is the policy of regulating truck drivers’ hours of service in order to reduce motor vehicle crashes. In 1935, Congress directed the Interstate Commerce Commission to establish hours-of-service rules for truckers. In ...

There are a range of government food policies at national and international level. Overall, their aims are diverse but all will have an impact on women and thus impact on the developmental origins of adult disease through their role as mothers of future generations. The present paper describes the approach of the Food Standards Agency to help consumers choose, cook and eat healthy safe food by ...

My assigned topic is the question: Can policymakers spur or deter technological change? The question is to be addressed from a micro perspective, by examining policies regarding research and development (R&D), patents, and competition. Since there is no point in keeping the reader in suspense, I shall argue that government policy plays a major role in influencing the rate of technological chang...

Uncertainty is a pervasive feature of climate change analysis. This paper explores the consequences for policymakers. Importantly, uncertainty means that every policy has a range of possible outcomes rather than a single estimate. At a minimum, this requires policymakers to decide how to compare these different outcomes and to determine the likelihood that each outcome occurs. While objective a...

for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra), focuses on future international policies in the area of climate change. Carried out by a consortium of universities, think tanks and non-governmental organisations in Europe, India and the US, the main aim of the programme is directed towards the use of economic incentives and instruments in the implementation of climate policies, and towards the d...

layer over the South Pole in the late 1970s went undetected for years. The satellite instrumentation did not fail; rather, the computer programs written to analyze the vast volumes of satellite data were instructed to reject measurements that diverged sharply from expected normal conditions. Amazingly, the rejected values were called to no one’s attention. Noticing outliers in ground-based reco...

The relationship between technological change and environmental policy has received increasing attention from scholars and policy makers alike over the past ten years. This is partly because the environmental impacts of social activity are significantly affected by technological change, and partly because environmental policy interventions themselves create new constraints and incentives that a...

since the collapse of the soviet :union:, russia has been affected by intensifying regional and international developments than ever before. because of new opportunities and threats caused by these developments, russia faced with the problem of structural adoption whit systemic new realities, accompanying whit redefinition of its position and review of foreign policy approaches. conceptual and ...