Political parties have been the subject of a recent resurgent interest among political philosophers, with prominent contributions spanning liberal to socialist literatures arguing for more positive appraisal role in operation democratic representation and public deliberation. In this article, I argue similar re-evaluation within contemporary republicanism. Contemporary republicanism displays wa...

this paper tries to explore and asses the political party activities in iran after the islamic revolution. it believes that that formation of political parties was a result of political modernization in iran after the revolution. the authors further examine this modernization based on huntington's theory about modernization including stages of faction creation (factionalism), polarization,...

Research on party competition in the United States suffers because existing measures do not allow for an examination of national-level competition in the states. We view this as a significant oversight, and argue that party competition in the United States must be evaluated within a federal context. Toward that end, we develop measures of partisan electoral advantage and competition based on ma...