solute transport processes are affected by soil pore water velocity distribution. pore size distribution, which can be used to infer pore water velocity distribution, can be estimated from a soil water retention curve (n). in this study, a solute breakthrough curve was simulated using soil hydraulic parameters in four different soils. to evaluate the proposed model, predictions were compared to...

The effect of external barium ions on rat Kv4.2 channels expressed in HEK293 cells was investigated using whole cell, voltage-clamp recordings to determine its mechanism of action as well as its usefulness as a tool to probe the permeation pathway. Ba(2+) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of current that was antagonized by increasing the external concentration of K(+) ([K(+)](o)), and...

The mechanism of Cl ion permeation through single cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels was studied using the channel-blocking ion gluconate. High concentrations of intracellular gluconate ions cause a rapid, voltage-dependent block of CFTR Cl channels by binding to a site approximately 40% of the way through the transmembrane electric field. The affinity of glucon...

The influenza virus M2 proton-selective ion channel is known to be essential for acidifying the interior of virions during virus uncoating in the lumen of endosomes. The M2 protein is a homotetramer that contains four 19-residue transmembrane (TM) domains. These TM domains are multifunctional, because they contain the channel pore and also anchor the protein in membranes. The M2 protein is gate...

Dendrimers are unique highly branched macromolecules with numerous groundbreaking biomedical applications under development. Here we identified poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as novel blockers for the pore-forming B components of the binary anthrax toxin (PA63) and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin (C2IIa). These pores are essential for delivery of the enzymatic A components of the internali...

A novel analytical approach for estimating the shear rate over membrane surface and away from as a result of oscillation has been presented. The model was developed modified according to our system using Stokes boundary layer equation. Generation is an important phenomenon that not only mitigates fouling but also enhances separation efficiency. It investigated oscillating frequency, amplitude v...

The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily that functions as an epithelial chloride channel. Gating of the CFTR ion conduction pore involves a conserved irreversible cyclic mechanism driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis at two cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs): formation of an intramolecular NBD d...