Some philosophers have replied to Leibniz’s “shift” argument against the reality of absolute space by appealing to anti-haecceitist doctrines about possible worlds, influenced especially by David Lewis’s counterpart theory. But separated from Lewis’s distinctive views about what possible worlds are, it is difficult to understand what those doctrines really amount to, and why they are relevant t...

We examine four approaches for dealing with the logical omniscience problem and their potential applicability: the syntactic approach, awareness, algorithmic knowledge, and impossible possible worlds. Although in some settings these approaches are equiexpressive and can capture all epistemic states, in other settings of interest (especially with probability in the picture), we show that they ar...

The cornerstone of artificial intelligence (AI) is its inherent ability to learn from past experience, thus mimicking the human mind and deviating traditional approaches with predefined rules. (machine) learning process involves examples shown algorithm for training purposes performance then assessed new unseen examples. Specifically, during phase, dependencies are defined these used predict ou...