The fine dissection of nerves and blood vessels in the tarsal tunnel is necessary for clinical operations to provide anatomical information. A total of 60 feet from 30 cadavers were dissected. Two imaginary reference lines that passed through the tip of the medial malleolus were applied. A detailed description of the branch pattern and the corresponding position of the posterior tibial nerve, p...

To elucidate the functions of nonprimary motor cortical (nPMC) areas whose afferents synapse onto output neurons of the primary motor cortex (PMC), we examined the responses of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) and non-PTNs (nPTNs) to electrical stimulation in the three nPMCs, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the dorsal and ventral divisions of the premotor cortex (PMd and PMv), with extrace...

AIMS Electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve (PTN) is an established therapy for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). The Urgent-SQ™ is an implant that is surgically placed near the PTN and activated by an external pulse generator, allowing for "on demand" PTN stimulation, without the need for needle insertion. The current study presents results of a 9-yea...

Neurogenic bladder resulting from spinal cord injury and spina bifida has a profound impact on voiding function. This article reviews the current literature with regards to electrical stimulation for neurogenic bladder and the clinical outcomes associated with sacral neuromodulation, pudendal neuromodulation, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, and the Finetech-Brindley posterior/anterior stimu...

A young man, known to have had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis since the age of seven, was seen again at the age of 24 when he developed excruciating pain over the medial aspect of his right foot and ankle. The pain, of four days’ duration, was aggravated by any movement of the foot or ankle, by weight-bearing and by pressure. There was no known relieving factor nor any history of injury. On exam...