We document new facts on international relative price movements using wholesale price data for common products sold in Canada and United States over the period 2004-2006, and information on the country of production for individual products. We find that international relative prices at the level of individual products are roughly three to four times as volatile as the Canada-US nominal exchange...

In online purchasing, customers may return products due to dissatisfaction with the quality of product, and receive a refund based on policy, which is determined by distributors. Online distributors can offer generous policies attract more customers, but at cost reducing total profits. this paper, effect pricing complementary (products sold together other items) in selling under policy investig...

The rising prices of pharmaceuticals have generated considerable, and often acrimonious, debate. Yet, there is little theoretical work or empirical evidence on pharmaceutical entry-pricing strategies or on the time paths of the prices of new entrants versus incumbents. This study explores the entry pricing strategies of pharmaceutical manufacturers. Previous theoretical models have considered a...

With the development of deregulated power systems and increase of prices in some hours of day and increase fuel price, demand response programs were noticed more by customers. demand response consists of a series of activities that governments or utilities design to change the amount or time of electric energy consumption, to achieve better social welfare or some times for maximizing the benefi...

Pricing theory is concerned with determining a realistic market-related price of an asset that is not yet marketed. There are several approaches to this issue, most of which use systems theory concepts, such as optimization, dynamic recursion, probability, stochastic process, and control. Pricing theory has therefore benefited greatly from systems theory. Systems theory can also benefit from pr...

This paper investigates the pricing of patented traits in the U.S. hybrid corn seed market under imperfect competition. In a multiproduct context, we first examine how substitution/complementarity relationships among products can affect pricing. This is used to motivate multi-product generalizations of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (GHHI) capturing cross-market effects of imperfect competition...

Firms jointly sell durable primary hardware and complementary software in many industries, but it remains unclear how they can coordinate the two products to conduct intertemporal price discrimination (IPD). In addition to the harvesting (i.e., pricecutting over time) incentive in the traditional single-product IPD literature, firms selling complementary products have another investing (i.e., p...

We employ a vertical differentiation model to examine the potential bias in pricing-to-market results when using export unit values aggregating differentiated products. Our results show that: (i) false evidence of pricing-to-market is always found when using unit values, whether the law of one price holds or not; and (ii) the size of the bias increases with the level of product differentiation....