BACKGROUND Mucus hypersecretion from airway epithelium is a characteristic feature of airway inflammatory diseases. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) regulates mucin synthesis. Glucocorticoids including mometasone fuorate (MF) have been used to attenuate airway inflammation. However, effects of MF on mucin production have not been reported. METHODS Effects of MF and budesonide (BUD) on the phor...

This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of injection of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata in the kid horn buds, as a new chemical technique for disbudding. Five-day-old healthy goat kids from both sexes (n = 16) were divided randomly into 4 equal groups. In groups 1, 2 and 3, 0.2 mL of clove essence and in group 4 (control) 0.2 mL of normal saline was injected into the left horn ...

Rotavirus, a triple-layered non-enveloped member of the Reoviridae family, obtained a transient membrane envelope when newly synthesized subviral particles bud into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As rotavirus particles mature, they lose their transient membrane and obtain outer layer. It is mostly believed that only double layered particles bud into the ER. The present study describes that the...

BACKGROUND COPD patients have a higher risk of pneumonia when treated with fluticasone propionate (FP) than with placebo, and a lower risk with budesonide (BUD). We hypothesized that BUD and FP differentially affect the mucosal barrier in response to viral infection and/or cigarette smoke. METHODS We assessed protective effects of equivalent concentrations of BUD and FP on cytokine production...

this research was carried out to investigate the cold-hardiness of grapevine buds in a factorial experiment base on completely randomized design (crd) with 80 treatments and three replications. treatments included four cultivars (rish-baba, siyah-e-shiraz, askari and bavanati), four sampling dates (6th dec, 5th jan, 4th feb and 6th mar 2009 and 2010) and low temperature levels (+5, -7, -15, -22...

Taste bud volume on the anterior tongue in adult rats is matched by an appropriate number of innervating geniculate ganglion cells. The larger the taste bud, the more geniculate ganglion cells that innervate it. To determine if such a match is perturbed in the regenerated gustatory system under different dietary conditions, taste bud volumes and numbers of innervating neurons were quantified in...