Abstract Brands are widely regarded as a constellation of shared associations surrounding company and its offerings. On the traditional view brands, these perceptions attitudes in consumers’ minds relation to company. We argue that this framing brands faces an explanatory problem: inability satisfactorily explain why certain branding activism initiatives elicit moralized reactive paradigmatic r...

We show that for any constant a, ZPP/b(n) strictly contains ZPTIME(n)/b(n) for some b(n) = O(log n log log n). Our techniques are very general and give the same hierarchy for all the common promise time classes including RTIME, NTIME ∩ coNTIME, UTIME, MATIME, AMTIME and BQTIME. We show a stronger hierarchy for RTIME: For every constant c, RP/1 is not contained in RTIME(n)/(log n). To prove this...