OBJECTIVE To analyze cause-specific mortality rates according to the relative income hypothesis. METHODS All 96 administrative areas of the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, were divided into two groups based on the Gini coefficient of income inequality: high (≥0.25) and low (<0.25). The propensity score matching method was applied to control for confounders associated with socioeconomi...

In answering questions from [7] we prove a triangulation result that is of independent interest. In more detail, let R be an o-minimal field with a proper convex subring V , and let st : V → k be the corresponding standard part map. Under a mild assumption on (R, V) we show that definable sets X ⊆ V n admit a triangulation that induces a triangulation of its standard part st(X) ⊆ k n .

Although language-impaired children have been observed to follow many nor­ mal language acquisition patterns, research to date has not fully explored the re­ lationships between various linguistic domains. The hypotheses investigated in this study are that language-impaired children produce fewer logical proposi­ tions per utterance and evidence less control of formal syntactic markers. lan­ gu...

This paper reports on the results of a research carried out during 1993-94 aiming at studying street sellers as an informal sector activity and a source of socio-economic problems in Shiraz, Iran. This study makes use of two Logit models in order to present a unified framework depiciting the factors that seem to affect the developmeht of informal sector activities. The first model looks at thos...

Does sensible retirement planning call for funding basic needs with less volatile assets and investing more aggressively for aspirational goals? Or, with client goals clearly defined and prioritized, does sensible planning call for a total returns approach? Multiple schools of thought have emerged, but there is not yet any consensus about what constitutes a proper retirement income floor. These...

In this paper, we examine the real options approach to capital budgeting in the presence of managerial adverse incentives. We show that real options have the potential to be value enhancing or value destroying depending on managerial incentives. We further examine the possibility of using a generic residual income based rule of managerial compensation to induce the proper investment incentives ...

We use successive datasets from the U.K. Family Expenditure Survey to estimate a closed form consumption function for households facing uncertain future income. The closed form is derived from a model of absolute risk aversion modi ̄ed to re°ect di®erences in consumers' circumstances (quasi-relative risk aversion). Proper adjustment is made for demographic effects. Plausible estimates for the in...

Esik and Maletti introduced the notion of a proper semiring and proved that some important (classes of) semirings – Noetherian semirings, natural numbers – are proper. Properness matters as the equivalence problem for weighted automata over a semiring which is proper and finitely and effectively presented is decidable. Milius generalised the notion of properness from a semiring to a functor. As...

An arc-colored digraph D is properly (properly-walk) connected if, for any ordered pair of vertices (u,v), the contains a directed path (a walk) from u to v such that arcs adjacent on (on have distinct colors. The proper connection number pc→(D) (the proper-walk wc→(D)) minimum colours make (properly-walk connected). We prove pc→(Cn(S))≤2 every circulant Cn(S) with S⊆{1,…,n−1},|S|≥2 and 1∈S. Fu...