The human Achilles tendon (AT) has often been considered to act as a single elastic structure in series with the muscles of the triceps surae. As such it has been commonly modelled as a Hookean spring of uniform stiffness. However, the free AT and the proximal AT have distinctly different structures that lend themselves to different elastic properties. This study aimed to use three-dimensional ...

Polymyositis (PM) is a subset of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. The muscles involved with PM are typically proximal and distal limb muscles, but paraspinal muscles are rarely affected. The primary PM clinical symptom is gradual proximal muscle weakness but unusually abnormal trunk posture. Bent spine syndrome (BSS), also referred to camptocormia, is defined as an abnormal flexion of the tr...

OBJECTIVE The adductor muscles are implicated in the pathogenesis of groin strain, but the proximal morphology of this muscle group is poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the detailed anatomy of the entheses and proximal musculotendinous junctions (MTJs) of adductor longus (AL), adductor brevis (AB) and gracilis. METHODS The adductors were dissected bilaterally in 10 ...

BACKGROUND Patients undergoing proximal femoral replacement for tumor resection often have compromised hip abductor muscles resulting in a Trendelenberg limp and hip instability. Commercially available proximal femoral prostheses offer several designs with varying sites of attachment for the abductor muscles, however, no analyses of these configurations have been performed to determine which de...

Both the muscle and endothelium of the vertebrate limb derive from somites. We have used replication-defective retroviral vectors to analyze the lineage relationships of these somite-derived cells in the chick. We find that myogenic precursors in the somites or proximal limb are not committed to forming slow or fast muscle fibers, particular anatomical muscles, or muscles within specific proxim...

The vertebrate body wall is regionalized into thoracic and lumbosacral/abdominal regions that differ in their morphology and developmental origin. The thoracic body wall has ribs and intercostal muscles, which develops from thoracic somites, whereas the abdominal wall has abdominal muscles, which develops from lumbosacral somites without ribs cage. To examine whether limb-genesis interferes wit...

INTRODUCTION The relationship between skeletal muscle strength and respiratory dysfunction in Pompe disease has not been examined by quantitative methods. We investigated correlations among lower extremity proximal muscle strength, respiratory function, and motor performance. METHODS Concentric strength of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was measured with a dynamometer, and pulmonary fun...

INTRODUCTION The biceps femoris long head, one of the muscles of the hamstrings group, is one of the most commonly injured lower-limb muscles. Previous studies have suggested that aponeurosis morphology influences injury susceptibility in muscle [1]. In that study, a model of the biceps femoris long head muscle predicted that the width of the muscle’s proximal aponeurosis greatly affects locali...

BACKGROUND Previous studies with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) have focused on the cortical representation of limited group of muscles. No attempts have been carried out so far to get simultaneous recordings from hand, forearm and arm with TMS in order to disentangle a 'functional' map providing information on the rules orchestrating muscle coupling and overlap. The aim of the present...

Purpose
 The F- wave is a valuable measurement that provides information about both the proximal and distal parts of nerve. Classical F-wave recording methods are performed from muscles limb so affected pathologies. Nerve conduction velocity nerve by diameter gets thinner as it gives branches travels distally. So expected faster in segment than part even they same aim this study to compare...