Tissue perivascular resident macrophages (PVM/Ms), a hybrid cell type with characteristics of both macrophages and melanocytes, are critical for establishing and maintaining the endocochlear potential (EP) required for hearing. The PVM/Ms modulate expression of tight- and adherens-junction proteins in the endothelial barrier of the stria vascularis (intrastrial fluid-blood barrier) through secr...

IL-21 is a cytokine with pleiotropic actions, promoting terminal differentiation of B cells, increased Ig production, and the development of Th17 and T follicular helper cells. IL-21 is also implicated in the development of autoimmune disease and has antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-21 in host defense to pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), which initiates an infectio...

PVM (the current version 3.4) as well as many current MPI implementations force application programmers to use active polling (also known as busy waiting) in larger parallel programs. This serious problem is related to thread-unsafety of these communication libraries. While the MPI specification is very careful in this respect, the implementations are not. We present a new mechanism of interrup...

Currently PVM is the standard for developing parallel applications in workstation environments. One of its goals is to use the computational power of idling workstations. In practice many users refrain from opening their machine to other users’ PVM processes. This is due to their experience that such a process, which usually requires a lot of resources (CPU and memory), increases the response t...

Combination between PVM and erythrocytes as well as between the influenza viruses and erythrocytes is inhibited at low electrolyte concentrations. Combination between PVM and lung particles as well as between the virus and erythrocytes can be dissociated in solutions of low electrolyte concentration. The rate of elution of influenza virus is decreased under similar conditions. PVM can combine w...

Selective autophagy and related mechanisms can act as variable defense mechanisms against pathogens and can therefore be considered as intracellular immune responses. When in hepatocytes, Plasmodium parasites reside in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and the PV membrane (PVM) is the main contact site between host cell and parasite. Early in infection, the PVM is directly labeled with host cell a...

Infection of mice with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is used as a natural host experimental model for studying the pathogenesis of infection with the closely related human respiratory syncytial virus. We analyzed the contribution of T cells to virus control and pathology after PVM infection. Control of a sublethal infection with PVM strain 15 in C57BL/6 mice was accompanied by a 100-fold increa...

This paper describes the architecture and implementation of an integrated message-passing environment consisting of Zipcode and PVM. Zipcode is a highlevel message-passing system for multicomputers and homogeneous networks of computers. PVM is a relatively low-level message-passing system designed for multicomputers and heterogeneous networks of computers. Although PVM provides a workable and e...

In this paper we focus on coordination for parallel systems controlled by the PVM software package. We describe several extensions which allow the use of extended coordination features in PVM. The extensions are designed to support coordination metaphors like gener-ative communication or client server programming. They t into the general philosophy of PVM by adopting an approach to coordination...

More than 75% of a random sample of adult human sera exhibited moderate to high murine pneumonia virus (PVM)-neutralizing activity. There was no correlation between PVM-neutralizing activity and respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza type 3 virus-neutralizing activities of the same sera. In children the proportion of sera with moderate to high titres increased with age, indicating early e...