Quantifying the effects of human activity on the natural environment is dependent on credible estimates of reference conditions to define the state of the environment before the onset of adverse human impacts. In Europe, emission controls that aimed at restoring ecological status were based on hindcasts from process-based models or paleolimnological reconstructions. For instance, 1860 is used i...

Migration has evolved as a strategy to maximise individual fitness in response to seasonally changing ecological and environmental conditions. However, migration can also incur costs, and quantifying these costs can provide important clues to the ultimate ecological forces that underpin migratory behaviour. A key emerging model to explain migration in many systems posits that migration is drive...

Energy partitioning was studied in the larvae and early juveniles of two species of freshwater fish with different life styles, Coregonus lavaretus and Esox lucius, by measuring simultaneously the rates of feeding, oxygen consumption and growth in long-term experiments. Comparison between the two species is based on measurements at 15 °C, but a group of C. lavaretus was also monitored at 10 °C....

Aquatic prey show behavioral modifications in the presence of predation-risk cues that alleviate their risk from predation. Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes japonicus (Theobald), and Culex pipiens L. are invasive mosquitoes in North America, and their larvae are prey for the native mosquito predator, Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett). Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus are recent invaders, where...

Multiple predator species can interact as well as strongly affect lower trophic levels, resulting in complex, nonadditive effects on prey populations and community structure. Studies of aquatic systems have shown that interactive effects of predators on prey are not necessarily predictable from the direct effects of each species alone. To test for complex interactions, the individual and combin...

The large-scale hybridization of fishes the subfamily Leuciscinae in subordinate systems Dnipro River basin is presented by data on two pairs species, roach Rutilus rutilus × bream Abramis brama, and bleak Alburnus alburnus rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus. occurrence F1 hybrids are confirmed with allozyme spectra morphological characters series samples. A complete morphometric analysis charact...