Introduction Use of hadron therapy as an advanced radiotherapy technique is increasing. In this method, secondary particles are produced through primary beam interactions with the beam-transport system and the patient’s body. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations were employed to determine the dose of produced secondary particles, particularly neutrons during treatment. Materials and Methods I...

using photovoltaic systems is gradually expanded by increasing energy demand. abundance and availability of this energy, has turned to one of the most important sources of renewable energy. unfortunately, photovoltaic systems have two big problems: first, those have very low energy conversion efficiency (in act between 12 and 42 percent under certain circumstances). second, the power produced b...

Medical robotics is an exciting and relatively new field. Robotics plays an important role in medical engineering. Medical robots were initially used in the 1980s, in the field of urology. Robotic arms were developed and used for prostate resection. They can also be highly specialized and assist in diagnosing and treating patients. While there is still much more work to be done, using robots ca...

For a group of charged particles obeying quantum mechanics (QM) and interacting with an electromagnetic field, the charge, and current density in a pure state of the system are expressed in terms of the many-body wave function. Using these as sources, the microscopic Maxwell equations can be written down for any given pure state of a many-body system. By employing semi-classical radiation theor...