We consider adaptation in open systems, i.e. systems without global objects or common objectives. There are three related issues: how to make the degrees of freedom (DoFs) transparent to all agents, how to define a ‘fair’ process for performing adaptation, and how to retain some control over the adaptation to avoid, for example, undesirable configurations. We represent the specification DoFs in...

The most important solution in the new sodium chromate production process implemented in Alwernia Chemical Works is in-process recycling of chromic mud. This allows lessening the hazard to the natural environment resulting from released chromic waste. It also involves economical advantages. This paper presents studies on the optimisation of this process using of a fuzzy logic method. The influe...

An urgent requirement for 3D dosimetry has been recognized because of high failure rate (~25%) in RPC credentialing, which relies on point and 2D dose measurements. Comprehensive 3D dosimetry is likely to resolve more errors and improve IMRT quality assurance. This work presents an investigation of the feasibility of PRESAGE/optical-CT 3D dosimetry in the Radiologic Physics Center (RPC) IMRT H&...

To develop and apply a remote dosimetry protocol with PRESAGE® radiochromic plastic and optical-CT readout in the validation of MRI guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) treatments (MRIdian® by ViewRay®). Through multi-institutional collaboration we performed PRESAGE® dosimetry studies in 4ml cuvettes to investigate dose-response linearity, MRcompatibility, and energy-independence. An open calibrati...

Stimuli-responsive chromic materials have received increasing research attention. This review summarizes the most cutting-edge carbon-centered radicals, with a focus on their structures, properties and applications as stimuli-chromic materials.

T H E value of chromic oxide (chromium sesquioxide) as an indicator for estimating fecal output of sheep and cattle is dependent upon its concentration at a given sampling time providing the basis for estimating a standard recovery. However, chromic oxide excretion rate exhibits a diurnal variation (Hardison et al., 1959; Kane, Jacobson and Moore, 1952) which apparently precludes choosing a des...

A comparison is made of gastric loss of phenol red and chromic chloride other than by emptying. Chromic chloride appears to be lost by adsorption on to mucus to a considerably greater extent than does phenol red, suggesting that chromic chloride is less satisfactory as a nonabsorbable gastric indicator.

Optical computed tomography has now become a well-established method for making empirical measurements of 3D dose distributions in radiotherapy treatment verification. The requirement for effective refractive index matching as part of the scanning process has long been an inconvenience for users, limiting the speed of sample throughput. We propose a new method for reconstructing data that takes...

Chromic oxide is an important basic chemical and finds many applications including metallurgical materials, green pigments, construction materials, refractory materials and catalysts. Presently, the industrial production of chromic oxide generally employs two processes (Ding, 2003): one is the reduction of sodium dichromate with ammonia sulfate; the other is the thermal decomposition of chromic...

CyberKnife is one of multiple modalities for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Due to the nature of CyberKnife and the characteristics of SRS, dose evaluation of the CyberKnife procedure is critical. A radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter was used to verify the dose accuracy for the CyberKnife procedure and validate a viable dose verification system for CyberKnife treatment. A radiophotolumines...