In this paper we will describe our experiences with modelling and simulating realistic railroad systems, based on component-oriented Petri Nets. Several libraries of railroad components are presented, including nets permitting the train to control the routers in the net. Petri Nets are translated into Maude in an automated way, and executed by the Maude interpreter. Since railroad models are la...

BACKGROUND An association between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer mortality in a large retrospective cohort study of US railroad workers has previously been reported. However, specific information regarding cigarette smoking was unavailable. METHODS Birth cohort, age, job, and cause of death specific smoking histories from a companion case-control study were used to impute smoking beh...

BACKGROUND Traffic noise can induce stress reactions that have effects on the cardiovascular system. The exposure-risk relationship between aircraft, road, and rail traffic noise and myocardial infarction is currently unknown. METHODS 19 632 patients from the Rhine-Main region of Germany who were diagnosed with myocardial infarction in the years 2006-2010 were compared with 834 734 control su...

background: injuries and fatalities from road traffic injuries are global public health concerns, and a major problem in the iran. this study aimed to explore strategies to control road traffic injuries (rti) in iran. methods: we conducted a qualitative study to explore possible ways to reduce the occurrence of road traffic injuries in iran in 2016. interviewees were purposively sampled from va...

In the Los Angeles/Long Beach (LA/LB) port complex, the empty containers are handled twice:once they are recycled from importers and the second time they are trucked to exporters. Clearlya system is needed to facilitate the interchange of empties outside the ports, to reduce the trafficcongestion and emissions around the ports. In this paper, the deterministic and stochastic emp...

The RRB administers comprehensive retirement/survivor and unemployment/sickness benefit programs for railroad workers and their families under the Railroad Retirement Act (RRA) and Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act (RUIA). These programs provide income protection to railroad workers and their families during old age and in the event of disability, death, temporary unemployment, or sickness. T...

This article presents an application of the Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) framework to the design and safety analysis of a real-time embedded control system, a railroad crossing control system.The authors employ an extension of the DEVS formalism, real-time DEVS (RT-DEVS), which has a sound semantics for the specification of real-time systems in a hierarchical modular fashion. The ...