Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the fi...

If decision makers assign stable fitness-related values to options, preference for the most valuable of simultaneously encountered options should be independent of background context (i.e., prior options). The tendency to choose option x versus y should be unaffected by whether the decision maker has already been given a choice between x and y or between x and y . Here, food-hoarding gray jays ...

Occurrence of toxigenic molds and mycotoxins on dried fruits is a worldwide problem, but limited information is available in China. A total of 220 dried fruits (raisins, dried apricots, dates and wolfberries) purchased from China were analyzed for 17 mycotoxins (i.e., Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT) and trichothecenes) by UPLC-MS/MS, combined with a single-step cleanup. The...

Sixty-four tree nut samples (almonds, pecans, pine nuts, and walnuts) and 50 dried fruit samples (apricots, cranberries, papaya, pineapple, and raisins) were purchased from local supermarkets and analyzed for fungal contamination using conventional culture as well as molecular methods. The results of our study showed that the highest yeast and mold (YM) counts (5.34 log10 CFU g(-1)) were found ...

Caries is a dental and oral disease with the highest percentage. One of groups that are susceptible to caries children. has several causative factors, including acid-base state cavity also status hygiene. Prevention can be done by controlling pH saliva gargling solution raisins containing flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids which control salivary pH. The purpose this study was determine relation...

Natural antioxidants have gained considerable interest in recent years for their role in preventing the auto oxidation of fats, oils and fat containing food products. In the present study, three plant foods viz., amla (Emblica officianalis), drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera) and raisins (Vitis vinifera) were used as sources of natural antioxidants. All the three extracts exhibited a high perc...

We propose a treatment strategy combining an initial disinfestation treatment with one of three protective treatments as an alternative for chemical fumigation of almonds and raisins for control of postharvest insect populations. Initial disinfestation treatments using low oxygen controlled atmosphere (0.4% O2) were designed to disinfest product of field populations of pyralid moths; navel oran...

The drying of grapes is a more complex process compared to the dehydration of other agricultural materials due to the necessity of a pretreatment operation prior to drying. Grape drying to produce raisins is a very slow process, due to the peculiar structure of grape peel, that is covered by a waxy layer. Its removal has been so far carried out by using several chemical pre-treatments. However,...