This paper examines the connection between path independence and transitive rationalization of a choice function in a general domain where a choice function may not include all possible non-empty subsets of the universal set. Describing a sequential choice procedure, this paper shows that the requirement of path independence of a choice function is equivalent to Richter's Congruence Axiom and t...

The task of rationalization aims to extract pieces input text as rationales justify neural network predictions on classification tasks. By definition, represent key used for prediction and thus should have similar feature distribution compared the original text. However, previous methods mainly focused maximizing mutual information between labels while neglecting relationship To address this is...

Detecting Ideas of Rationalization in Mediaeval Islamic Building Design – what is the point of this investigation? To tell it straight away: it’s about the interpretation of design under an economic perspective as analyzed in the case of the Rizk Cami in Hasankeyf. In this respect ‟rationalization” is not meant to describe the rule of ratio, proportions or other formal methods to produce design...

There are several examples of heuristic rules first proposed from empirical observation, which eventually earned physicochemical validity after the fundamental derivation of a posteriori. This may be the case of Sherwood’s plot – for which a sound rationalization from first principles, entailing enthalpy and mass balances, is provided here; it applies to (fine) chemicals undergoing concentr...

The rise of government by indicators, by figures may reveal a new wave of rationalization organized by the state in the classic Weberian sense. Contemporary forms of government are marked by the rise of indicators, measures and new metrics to compare, certify, codify and evaluate. In many countries, performance measurement has become one of the symbols of the transformation of governance. The p...

our main aim in this article is to analyze the two concepts “proposition” and “state of affairs”. first we present the minimal expectations of a theory of “proposition” and a theory of “state of affairs”, and then we turn to the views of the contemporary theorist john pollock regarding these two topics and present the most important of his views on the subject. subsequently, we reconstruct a th...

BACKGROUND This article examines uncomfortable realities that the European hospital sector currently faces and the potential impact of wide-spread rationalization policies such as (hospital) payment reform and privatization. METHODS Review of relevant international literature. RESULTS Based on the evidence we present, rationalization policies such as (hospital) payment reform and privatizat...

In our daily life, we continuously monitor others' behaviors and interpret them in terms of goals, intentions, and reasons. Despite their central importance for predicting and interpreting each other's actions, the functional mechanisms and neural circuits involved in action understanding remain highly controversial. Two alternative accounts have been advanced. Simulation theory assumes that we...

In this paper we analyze the relationship between design methodologies and the artifacts used in them. We give a brief historical perspective of the field and present some examples and preliminary findings.