From discovery in the early 1990s to completion of full-scale anammox reactor, it took almost two decades to uncover the secret veil of anammox bacteria. There were three milestones during the commercialization of anammox: the development of the first enrichment culture medium, the completion of the first commercial anammox reactor, and the fast start-up of full-scale anammox plant. Till now, t...

A fluidized bed reactor was used to study the degradation of the surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The reactor was inoculated with anaerobic sludge and was fed with a synthetic substrate supplemented with LAS in increasing concentrations (8.2 to 45.8 mg l). The removal efficiency of 93% was obtained after 270 days of operation. Subsequently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenet...

The development strategy of nuclear fusion energy in the Korea National Basic Plan for the Development of Fusion Energy consists of several major programs. These are shown in Fig. 1, and include KSTAR for the study of a long-pulse, advanced tokamak operation, ITER for a burning plasma experiment, the DEMO reactor for the demonstration of producing net electricity from a fusion reactor, and a co...

The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of a Sequential Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR) to perform carbon and nitrogen removal: from support design to reactor operation. The experimental part was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, different supports were tested to select the most suitable one for SBBR operation. In the second phase, the most appropriate support was used in a S...

Based on a global kinetics of direct dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis process from syngas, a steady-state one-dimensional mathematical model for the bubble column slurry reactor (BCSR) has been established. It was built on the assumption of plug flow of gas phase, sedimentation-dispersion model of catalyst grains and isothermal chamber regardless of reaction heats and rates for the design of an i...

Gas holdup and mixing time were characterized in a forced circulation internal loop draft-tube reactor (unaerated aspect ratio≈ 6, downcomero-riser cross-sectional area ratio = 0.493) as functions of the forced liquid superficial velocity in the riser (ULr) and the gas superficial velocity in he riser (UGr). Data were obtained in air–water system. The operation ranges were 0≤ULr ≤ 0.051 m/s and...

The ability of plasma-facing materials (PFM) in fusion reactor to withstand subsequent erosion as well as deuterium and tritium accumulation depends on material properties, which will continuously be changed during reactor operation. Variation in plasma parameters, using various materials for coating of reactor walls, e.g., Be for the first wall and W and C for the divertor area, and the presen...

A nonlinear chemical/physical dynamic model in the form of partial differential equations was adopted and further developed to serve as a basis for model predictive control of a pellet reactor for drinking water softening. The model was calibrated using full-scale process measurements. A linear predictive controller based on a lineralization of the model has been designed to achieve the desired...

This book provides a concise and up-to-date summary of the essential thermo-hydraulic analyses and design principles of nuclear reactors for electricity generation. Beginning with the basic nuclear physics, it leads through technical and quantitative analyses to descriptions of both the normal operation of the various modern nuclear reactor designs and the analyses of the possible departures fr...

The principal reason for the high energy costs for biological wastewater treatment is the poor transfer efficiency of oxygen to the bulk water phase. The current paper describes a biofilm reactor in which oxygen transfer to the bulk solution is avoided by alternating anaerobic submersed (2h) and drained (1h) operation of the biofilm. During the submersed phase the biofilm enriched for glycogen ...