Education, Benefitting from Oil Revenues, and Sustainable Development A. Ansari, Ph.D. To assess the status of Iranian educational system within a special conceptual framework of economic development, a number of existing documents related to the expenditure of oil revenues on education were critically reviewed. The results show that within any economic framework in which sustainable deve...

Governments have an enormous economic and political stake in the health of their populations. Population health is not only fundamental to economic growth but also affects short-term and long-term government expenditure on health care, disability, and other social programs and influences direct and indirect tax receipts. Fiscal transfers between citizen and state are mostly ignored in conventio...

The purpose of this paper is to try and identify some of the factors behind the comparatively poor R&D performance of the UK in the 1990s, a decade when R&D intensity in the business sector declined consistently. We estimate an econometric model of R&D expenditure using a panel of UK manufacturing industries. Our results highlight the importance of industry characteristics such as sales and pro...

We tested the validity of the “Law of Increasing State Activities” or Wagner’s Law using time series for the U.S. state-local government (SLG) real expenditure over the period 1957-2006. This period was characterized by rising SLG total expenditure and several of its sub-categories both in absolute terms and relative to state personal income. Cointegration tests of Johansen (1991) and Pesaran, ...

most developing countries have achieved productivity growth in economic sectors like agriculture for more than 30 years. universities and governmental research centers have tried to generate knowledge with direct social and economic effects during these decades. so, productivity and production growth can be attributed to technological changes made possible through investment in agricultural res...

SOx and NOx emissions originating from the combustion of fuels during operation industrial boilers are one primary contributors to regional local air pollution, which have major effects on human well-being ecosystems. As governmental bodies attempt regulate enforce emission norms, industries operating presented with an opportunity optimise their fuel mix configurations achieve a reduction in SO...

This paper contributes to the ongoing debate about economic inequality in India during the post-reform period. We analyze consumption inequality through the hitherto neglected lens of nonfood expenditure. Using household level consumption expenditure data from the quinquennial “thick” rounds of the NSS, we show that inequality within food and non-food groups has declined, even as overall expend...

Abstract: This paper investigates whether various components of wealth affect real consumption asymmetrically through a threshold adjustment model. The empirical findings for the U.S. show that only stock market assets, financial assets including stock market assets, and household net assets exert a practical wealth effect on consumption expenditure. By contrast, financial assets excluding stoc...

Bribes paid by firms in Indonesia arise principally from red tape, in particular licenses, imposed by local government officials. Red tape generates direct revenues (fees) plus indirect revenues in the form of bribes. The expected value of the latter is capitalized into lower salaries needed by localities to compensate public officials. Localities in Indonesia are hampered by insufficient reven...

We propose an agent-based model for peloton dynamics in competitive cycling. It aims to generate the very complex behaviour observed in real-life competitive cycling from a collection of agents with simple rules of behaviour. Cyclists in a peloton try to minimize their energy expenditure by riding behind other cyclists, in areas of reduced air resistance. Drafting cyclists spend considerably le...