Microtubules are hollow cylinders composed of tubulin heterodimers that stack into linear protofilaments that interact laterally to form the microtubule wall. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction of microtubules under increasing osmotic stress shows they transition to rectangular bundles with noncircular buckled cross sections, followed by hexagonally packed bundles. This new technique probes the stre...

This letter demonstrates a method for fabricating single-crystal Si nanolines, with rectangular cross sections and nearly atomically flat sidewalls. The high quality of these nanolines leads to superb mechanical properties, with the strain to fracture measured by nanoindentation tests exceeding 8.5% for lines of 74 nm width. A large displacement burst before fracture was observed, which is attr...

This article contains derivation of propagation factors and Fourier series for harmonically time varying, traveling electromagnetic fields in a plate and a laminate with rectangular cross sections, isotropic materials and infinite length. Different and quite general fields are taken into account on all boundaries. Choices of boundary conditions and continuity conditions are discussed. Certain c...

The rectangular dielectric waveguide (RDWG) technique has been previously described for the determination of complex permittivity of a wide class of dielectric materials of various thicknesses and cross sections. This paper presents a unified RDWG technique for the determination of the dielectric constant of materials. Some measurement results are reported in the W -band frequencies to demonstr...

Extensive studies have been undertaken on the local buckling of FRP members. However, scope existing research largely remains limited to those with rectangular faces. As geometry member faces can affect capacity, thin-walled members possess higher loads for a given volume material when properly shaped. such, consideration non-rectangular is necessary, not only cater applications where profiles ...

Investigation of hydrodynamic interaction between the vessel and seabed when entering shallow water is considered one most critical considerations inland waterway transport. There are many investigations into behavior ships in restricted waters, such as traveling different forms canal cross-sections. The present study aims to evaluate 750 DWT Perintis Ship moving through types determine relativ...

The classical Bretherton problem describes the propagation of gas fingers through liquid media in a narrow channel with thin liquid films between bubbles and channel walls. The bubble shape and flow patterns are complicated functions of the capillary number Ca and Reynolds number Re. Recently, we investigated the applicability and parameter selection for the two-dimensional Bretherton problem (...

This paper follows the propagation of pollution in a river with rectangular cross-section bed and variable cross-sectional velocity. The calculations were made for steady flows pollutant concentrations. To approximate velocity distribution set equations current vorticity functions was solved. concentrations calculated from bidirectional advection turbulent diffusion equation. Analysis leads to ...