The difficulty in measuring load temperatures inside reheating gas furnaces may be circumvented by appropriate use of on-line numerical models. In this article we describe a model of pusher furnaces, used to reheat steel slabs. The model uses thermocouple measurements at fixed positions inside the furnace to calculate the temperature of the combustion products, and takes into account radiative ...

This paper describes the adsorption of two organic (acetic and citric) acids on the blast furnace sludge, a representative by-product of the steelmaking industry. By PIXE, XRD, BET and SEM methods, it was shown that blast furnace sludge is a complex heterogeneous material with a specific surface area of s = 31.46 m g, composed mainly of amorphous phase (w = 76.2 %), calcite (w = 9.9 %), magneti...

Mathematical model for the integrated thermal apparatus was developed. It consists of program modules from which individual furnace model can be generated. For the model generation elementary balance method was used. Generation of the individual model includes model formulation and parameters determination. Model formulation is based on first principles, heuristics and empirical results. Parame...

1. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is a by product of the steel industry. Blast furnace slag is defined as “the non-metallic product consisting essentially of calcium silicates and other bases that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.” [1] In the production of iron, blast furnaces are loaded with iron o...

OBJECTIVES Little has been known about the risk of cancer associated with occupational exposure to manganese. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the associations between duration of specific work and cancer incidence among employees in four Norwegian ferromanganese and silicomanganese producing plants. METHODS Among men first employed in 1933-91 and with at least 6 months in...

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is generated in considerable amounts by the electric arc steelmaking process. During melting in an electric arc furnace, certain elements volatilize, and form fine dusts after cooling. The EAFD is collected in a baghouse and amounts to approximately 1–2 wt% of the steel produced.1) In China, about 800 million tons of steel was produced in 2015 with more than 9 w...

The paper shows how the diffusive movement of ions through a channel protein can be described as a chemical reaction over an arbitrary shaped potential barrier. The result is simple and intuitive but without approximation beyond the electrodiffusion description of ion movement.

We introduce a model detector which registers the passage of a particle through the detector location, without substantially perturbing the particle wave function. (The exact time of passage is not determined in such measurements.) We then show that our detector can operate in a classically forbidden region and register particles passing through a certain point under a potential barrier. We sho...