Background: ART contracts involving third parties have been created while clinical reproductive treatments are globally widespread. Iran is pioneer in applying these treatments in middle-east due to shii’at jurisprudence prescribing them. This key role in region, has raised Iranian jurists’ responsibility in developing a legal system regarding administration of ART. The most significant part of...

Protection of intellectual property embedded in potentially reproducible living organisms presents some unique and difficult challenges. Biological innovations like genetically modified (GM) seed are self-replicating, and as a result, represent a form of durable good with a potential product life extending far into the future. This gives rise to two problems: the need for copy protection of int...

law department, ferdowsi university of mashhad the importance of the exploitation contracts protecting the literary and artistic rights has, in some legal systems like france, resulted in the devising of general and common regulations about the formation of the above-mentioned contracts. however, so far no independent section has been thought of in the iranian legal system for explicating commo...

Scientific research, like carpentry, farming, manufacturing , or banking, is a form of business. The business of science is to produce new discoveries and innovations that advance human knowledge and society. Science, like any other business, involves investments of money, property, human resources, facilities, and capital. The global spending on research and development (R & D) is $1.6 trillio...