Isotopic net ecosystem exchange (isofluxes, or flux densities of CO2) can be combined with standard eddy covariance methods to partition net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (F) into its component one-way fluxes, photosynthesis and respiration. At present, the approaches used to estimate isotopic fluxes are labor-intensive and dependent on several assumptions. To assess the relative utility...

Fluxes are the central trait of metabolism and Kinetic Flux Profiling (KFP) is an effective method of measuring them. To generalize its applicability, we present an extension of the method that estimates the relative changes of fluxes using only relative quantitation of 13C-labeled metabolites. Such features are directly tailored to the more common experiment that performs only relative quantit...

In a mixture of metal ions and complexes, it is difficult to predict ecological risk without understanding the contribution of each metal species to biouptake. For microorganisms, the rate of uptake (internalization flux) has not only a major influence on the total metal flux but also on the bioavailability of the various metal species and their relative contributions to the total flux. In this...

The intracellular signal for contraction of skeletal muscle is the rapid increase in free cytosolic [Ca]. This increase requires coordinated opening of a substantial fraction of intracellular Ca release channels of the SR, which allows for a large flux of Ca from stores to cytosol. This flux must terminate rapidly as well to allow for the fast decay of [Ca] required for mechanical relaxation. T...

The presence of a stratospheric haze layer may produce increases in both the actinic flux and the irradiance below this layer. Such haze layers result from the injection of aerosol-forming material into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions. Simple heuristic arguments show that the increase in flux below the haze layer, relative to a clear sky case, is a consequence of "photon trapping." We...

10 Results from the first international urban model comparison experiment (PILPS-Urban) suggested that models which 11 neglected the anthropogenic heat flux within the surface energy balance performed at least as well as models that 12 include the source term, but this could not be explained. The analyses undertaken show that the results from PILPS13 Urban were masked by the signal from includi...

The high mass X-ray binary LS I +61 303 has been observed over several months in 2006 and 2007 with the VERITAS array of imaging air-Cherenkov telescopes. A signal of high energy gamma rays with energies above 350 GeV is detected in several orbital cycles of the binary system. The detected flux of gamma rays is strongly variable with the orbital period of 26.5 days, while the maximum flux (corr...

The flux/transmission power spectrum has become a popular statistical tool in studies of the high redshift (z > 2) Lyman-alpha forest. At low redshifts, where the forest has thinned out into a series of well-isolated absorption lines, the motivation for flux statistics is less obvious. Here, we study the relative merits of flux versus line correlations, and derive a simple condition under which...