The impacts on global climate of the AD 536 and 541 volcanic eruptions are well attested in palaeoclimatic datasets Eurasian historical records. Their effects farmers arid uplands western North America, however, remain poorly understood. authors investigate whether extreme cold caused by these influenced scale, scope timing Neolithic Transition northern US Southwest. Archaeological tree-ring ra...

An increasing number of studies revealed the importance of estrogen in male reproduction. However, most research was conducted in laboratory rodents subjected to standardized environmental conditions. Therefore, seasonal regulations of estrogen pathways remain poorly understood under natural conditions. Using immunohistochemistry, the expression of several molecules involved in the functioning ...

Abstract Adaptive radiation is a major source of biodiversity. Still, many aspects this evolutionary process remain poorly understood. Our recent integrative examination the cichlid adaptive in African Lake Tanganyika provides new insights into explosive diversification. The in-depth phylogenetic comparative analysis nearly all species occurring that lake permitted us to trace patterns eco-morp...

Proline, an imino acid, has been well documented to be associated with the stress response induced by abiotic factors such as drought, cold and salinity in plants and biotic factors such as bacterial and fungal attacks. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling proline metabolism, intercellular and intracellular transport and connections of proline to other metabolic pathways are poorly un...

1. Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil. Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of parenchymal lung disorders characterized by permanent structural changes that result in mechanical modifications, notably a significant reduction in the elasticity of the lung parenchyma.(1...

Using 15-yr data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA15), the authors found that rapid southeastward expansion of the rainy area from the western Amazon to southeastern Brazil is a result of midlatitude cold air intrusions. During austral spring, as the large-scale thermodynamic structure over Amazonia becomes destabilized, the incursions of extratropical...

This review selectively explores some areas of pain research that, until recently, have been poorly understood. We have chosen four topics that relate to clinical pain and we discuss the underlying mechanisms and related pathophysiologies contributing to these pain states. A key issue in pain medicine involves crucial events and mediators that contribute to normal and abnormal pain signaling, b...