The application of model-based drug development in special populations becomes increasingly important for clinical trial optimization, mostly by providing a rationale for dose selection and thereby aiding risk-benefit assessment. In this article, a semiphysiological approach is presented, enabling the extrapolation of the pharmacokinetics from healthy subjects to patients with different disease...

Although coliform bacteria are the organisms most commonly recovered from the urine of patients with pyelonephritis, they seldom cause infection in the absence of some kind of renal injury.' These bacteria are not suitable, therefore, for experiments designed to study alterations of structure and function attributable to infection alone. For these purposes it would seem preferable to employ mic...

The changes which occur in renal excretory function during pregnancy are discussed. The relationship between glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow is examined in the light of new serial data obtained under conditions of saline diuresis. Changes in the renal handling of nutrients and in the excretion of waste products during pregnancy are reviewed.

Alterations inwater homeostasis can disturb cell size and function. Althoughmost cells can internally regulate cell volume in response to osmolar stress, neurons are particularly at risk given a combination of complex cell function and space restriction within the calvarium. Thus, regulating water balance is fundamental to survival. Through specialized neuronal “osmoreceptors” that sense change...

longer and presents new material on a variety of topics such as ionic imbalances, glomerulonephritis, and the roles played by parathyroid hormone and angiotensin/ aldosterone. The references have been updated and in many cases expanded. The format, organization, and concise style of this paperback monograph combined with its well-chosen tables, figures, and light, electron, and immunofluorescen...

Primary rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the kidney is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor with an aggressive clinical course. Adult renal RMS is typically a pleomorphic histologic subtype and only a few cases have ever been reported. We herein present a new case of renal RMS of the embryonal histologic subtype in a 26-year-old woman.

A thorough understanding of renal physiology, and in particular acid-base physiology, is essential for an understanding of nephrology. Difficulties in both teaching and learning this material are major impediments to attracting medical trainees into nephrology. Approaches to teaching renal physiology include collaborative learning, computer-based learning and laboratory-based learning. Computer...

Because maintaining a normal body pH is essential to the efficient functioning of many physiologic processes, the body has a number of mechanisms that prevent pH fluctuations. Some of these prevent minute-to-minute pH fluctuations over the course of the day, whereas others maintain pH balance from day to day. The kidney plays a key role in both processes. The renal process of bicarbonate reclam...