Abstract: Learning from best practices in improving the productivity of human societies. One of the main factors that cause great damage is not enough information about natural disasters and man-made and the lack of attention to the importance and role of public security, health and disaster relief is on. People involved in assisting in disaster relief and can help relieve the suffering of peop...

Introduction: Natural disasters have always caused mortality and morbidity in humans; however, the scale and scope of these events has increased dramatically in recent times. Natural disasters have a significant impact on the community health and livelihood of the people everywhere in the world. Natural disasters are the greatest health and social concerns that reducing their vulnerability is a...

learning english is very popular all over the world nowadays and it is considered a high prestigious language among citizens of different societies. one of the most important materials for learning a new language are textbooks. the debate that whether learning a new language is natural and neutral or ideological and influential on people’s worldviews, has always been of great importance.

this studyinvestigated therelations between examinees’ academic knowledge and theirperformanceonreading section of ielts and toefl (ibt) through using generalizabilitytheory. g-theory was utilized to investigate the effects of subtest, test items, participants and academic background on the reliability of ielts and toefl (ibt) score. tosamplethe subjectsofthissurvey,a placement testwasadministe...

although there are studies on pragmatic assessment, to date, literature has been almost silent about native and non-native english raters’ criteria for the assessment of efl learners’ pragmatic performance. focusing on this topic, this study pursued four purposes. the first one was to find criteria for rating the speech acts of apology and refusal in l2 by native and non-native english teachers...