Water quality is a very important issue related to people health, but it is not usually considered in water distribution networks (WDNs) design. In this paper, new constraints such as free residual chlorine and the quality performance index are incorporated into the least cost design of water distribution networks. EPANET2 was applied for the hydraulic and quality analysis of water distributio...

We consider the Bellman residual minimization approach for solving discounted Markov decision problems, where we assume that a generative model of the dynamics and rewards is available. At each policy iteration step, an approximation of the value function for the current policy is obtained by minimizing an empirical Bellman residual defined on a set of n states drawn i.i.d. from a distribution ...

We define residuals for point process models fitted to spatial point pattern data, and propose diagnostic plots based on them. The residuals apply to any point process model that has a conditional intensity; the model may exhibit spatial heterogeneity, interpoint interaction and dependence on spatial covariates. Some existing ad hoc methods for model checking (quadrat counts, scan statistic, ke...

In this paper, Nash equilibriums of generation markets are investigated using a game theory application for simplified competitive electricity markets. The characteristic of equilibrium states in N-company spot markets modelled by uniform pricing auctions is analyzed and a new method for obtaining Nash equilibriums of the auctions is proposed. Spot markets are assumed to be operated as uniform ...

Residual stress analysis was performed on thick, 1–25 lm, depleted uranium (DU) films deposited on an Al substrate by magnetron sputtering. Two distinct characterization techniques were used to measure substrate curvature before and after deposition. Stress evaluation was performed using the Benabdi/Roche equation, which is based on beam theory of a bi-layer material. The residual stress evolut...

acrylic base resins are widely used in orthopedics and dental surgery. it is generally accepted that due to the incomplete conversion of methyl methacrylate (mma) monomer to the polymer form during polymerization of the resin, some mma monomers remain in the hardened material. mma monomer has been reported to cause abnormalities or lesions in several organs of animals. study of the literatures ...

The convergence behavior of a number of algorithms based on minimizing residual norms over Krylov subspaces, is not well understood. Residual or error bounds currently available are either too loose or depend on unknown constants which can be very large. In this paper we take another look at traditional as well as alternative ways of obtaining upper bounds on residual norms. In particular, we d...

In analysis-synthesis of musical sounds based on a sinu-soidal model, the diierence between the original signal and the synthesized signal, termed the residual, is typically a broadband noise process. It contains such musical phenomena as ute breath noise or violin bow noise. Synthesis without such \noise" tends to sound artiicial; it is desirable to improve the synthesis realism by modeling th...