For the United States economy (1960-1989), the correlation between the growth rates of the Solow residual and the real price of energy (government spending) is -0.55 (0.09). The Solow residual confounds movements in energy prices and government spending with those in true technology. Why? To address this question, this study develops a model to see if it quantitatively captures the endogenous t...

a sensor network is made up of a large number of sensors with limited energy. sensors collect environmental data then send them to the sink. energy efficiency and thereby increasing the lifetime of sensor networks is important. direct transfer of the data from each node to the central station will increase energy consumption. previous research has shown that the organization of nodes in cluster...

A new energy efficient clustering algorithm based on the highest residual energy is proposed to improve the lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN). In each cycle, a fixed number of cluster heads are selected based on maximum residual energy of the nodes. Each cluster head is associated with a group of nodes based on the minimum distance among them. In such scheduling, all the nodes dissipate...

In mission critical applications, all critical points (CPs) are to be monitored effectively. Even a single node failure in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) may cause coverage hole, reducing the lifetime of the network. The sensor has nonrechargeable battery which makes energy supervision inevitable. The proposed Energy Efficient Coverage based Artificial Bee Colony Optimization (EEC-ABC) appro...

The effect of muscle loss due to transfemoral amputation, on energy expenditure of hip joint and individual residual muscles was simulated. During swing phase of gait, with each muscle as an ideal force generator, the lower extremity was modeled as a two-degree of freedom linkage, for which hip and knee were joints. According to results, muscle loss will not lead to higher energy expenditure of...

Tree routing is one of the detouring strategies employed in geographic routing to help find a detour for a packet to leave a local minimum. The effectiveness of tree routing depends on the quality of the pre-constructed routing trees. Existing tree construction methods build trees in a top-down and centralized fashion and do not consider the traffic pattern and residual energy of the network. T...

The present work considers energy aware distributed clustering protocol (EADC) which is commonly employed for balancing the energy consumption in non-uniformly deployed sensor networks. In the EADC, residual energy is considered as the primary clustering parameter and the clusters are constructed using uniform competition radius. However in non-uniform node distribution scenarios, more energy i...

For application of the plastic analysis and design methods the control of the plastic behaviour of the structures is an important requirement. In this study, the complementary strain energy of the residual forces is considered as an overall measure of the plastic performance of the structure. Shakedown theorem for the analysis of the plastic behaviour of the laterally loaded piles is developed ...

This paper presents a study of the national electric power, showing the Brazil consumes electricity in a year and how much you could save if thermoelectric modules were used in some industries and new cars and planes to capture and transformation of residual thermal energy into electrical energy. The conclusion appears really attractive economically, given the fact that many processes generate ...