BACKGROUND Respiratory abnormalities are often overlooked; however, because of their potential comorbidity, they must be analyzed to determine the most effective treatment for patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Among various theories on respiratory abnormalities in PD, "upper airway obstruction" and "restrictive respiratory disorders" are 2 of the most accepted etiologies; both appear to be ...

Respiratory muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Dysfunction of the respiratory muscles, especially the diaphragm, is known to occur in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Weakness of the diaphragm is part of a generalised process involving all (respiratory and peripheral) skeletal muscles. Causative factors for respiratory muscle dys...

BACKGROUND Cilia are complex and powerful cellular structures of the respiratory mucosa that play a critical role in airway defense. Respiratory epithelium is lined with cilia that perform an integrated and coordinated mechanism called mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance is the process by which cilia transport the mucus blanket overlying respiratory mucosa to the gastrointestinal trac...

Abstract Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. The disease characterized by many appearing in patient's cerebrum. DLB frequently presents a variety autonomic symptoms from early or prodromal stages disease, and these are listed as supportive features diagnostic criteria. As several useful assessment methods for evaluating function...

COVID-19 is a novel viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) beta-coronavirus. Epidemiological status changes dynamically as the pandemy far from ending. Several complications of presented virus may be similar to those observed in other infections. Despite lacking data, heart involvement comparable cardiac previously with SARS well Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MER...