In [15], Kaplansky introduced Baer rings as rings in which every right (left) annihilator ideal is generated by an idempotent. According to Clark [9], a ring R is called quasi-Baer if the right annihilator of every right ideal is generated (as a right ideal) by an idempotent. Further works on quasi-Baer rings appear in [4, 6, 17]. Recently, Birkenmeier et al. [8] called a ring R to be a right (...

The genetic control of the switch between seasonal and perpetual flowering has been deciphered in various perennial species. However, little is known about the genetic control of the dynamics of perpetual flowering, which changes abruptly at well-defined time instants during the growing season. Here, we characterize the perpetual flowering pattern and identify new genetic controls of this patte...

Piracy has been a major problem for perpetually licensed software. Usage-based licensing architecture such as pay-per-use or software-as-a-service can offer technology-based protection against piracy. We provide an analytical framework to examine the economic implications of pay-per-use versus perpetual licensing in a market with potential piracy, network effect, and heterogeneous consumers in ...

Abstract Elementary proofs of classical theorems on pricing perpetual call and put options in the standard Black-Scholes model are given. The method presented does not rely on stochastic calculus and is also applied to give prices and optimal stopping rules for perpetual call options when the stock is driven by a Lévy process with no positive jumps, and for perpetual put options for stocks driv...

When libraries transitioned their collection development from primarily print to greater reliance on e-resources, acquisition methods also shifted a sales contract licensing business model. This shift effected the long-held perception that academic support education and research through preservation provision of scholarly record in perpetuity. Libraries can encourage copyright holders participa...

This paper investigates situations where a property of a ring can be tested on a set of “prime right ideals.” Generalizing theorems of Cohen and Kaplansky, we show that every right ideal of a ring is finitely generated (resp. principal) iff every “prime right ideal” is finitely generated (resp. principal), where the phrase “prime right ideal” can be interpreted in one of many different ways. We...